History of Architecture

Panch Mahal

Fatehpur Sikri, India

The Panch Mahal is a rectangular colonnaded structure open on all sides and 

built from local red sandstone. 

It is positioned to act as a "transition" building between the 

semi-public spaces that surround the Daulat Khana courtyard and the more private spaces of the Royal Harem. Its function is unknown: some assumptions hold that it served as a pleasure resort for the Emperor or that it was used exclusively by the ladies and children of the court. For others, its interconnection with the imperial apartments (the Khwabgah complex) as well as the relation of the building’s main façade to the public court and its eastern orientation suggest that it might have been used for the Emperor’s daily ritual of Jharokha-Darsana, where Akbar displayed himself to the public assembled in the Pachisi court to worship him and receive his blessings.


As its name implies, the building is comprised of five levels, with the ground floor measuring 22.05 meters north–south by 17.65 meters east–west, and the upper floors decreasing in their horizontal dimensions as they rise, forming an asymmetrical pyramid stacked over the southeast corner. The final, fifth level is a domed chhatri. The total height of the structure equals the total length of its ground floor; however, the building appears vertically dominant, perhaps due to its being raised on a plinth approximately .75 meters above the level of the public court. With the exception of the chhatri dome, the building is a trabeated structure. On the east elevation, double and quadruple series of columns facilitate the transfer of load. The emphasis is visual as well as structural: the east elevation is the building’s principal elevation, overlooking the Pachisi Court.

Jor-Bangla Temple

This temple is designed as per Hindu temple architecture that arose in Bengal. The style involves two structures that resemble the traditional village huts of the region, one that serves as a porch, in front of the other that serves as a shrine. Each structure has a roof of the ek-bangla (or do-chala) style, with two curved segments that meet at a curved ridge. Jor Bangla Mandir is one of the few temples of Bishnupur which is in good condition. The fondness with which my guide explained the Jor Bangla Mandir, I could make out it was his favorite Chala style temple. I too felt this is one of the must see temples of Bishnupur. The terracotta panels are undamaged and effect of wearing out is not prominent yet. It was built by Raghunath Singha II in 1655 A.D. The temple platform is squarish and measures 12m by 12m we were told. These panels have detailed scenes from the Mahabharata, Ramayana and Krishna-Leela. The prayer room was shut. It houses the idol of Shadbhuja (6 hands) of Shri Chaitanya

The Temple platform measures 11.8m in length and 11.7 m in breadth. Some of the most exquisite terracotta carvings on walls and sculptures can be found here.

Sun Temple, Konark

A Temple of Great Architectural Brilliance and a splendid blend of Architecture-Art-History, the Konark temple consists of a Vimana (main temple) intended for housing the deity, Jagamohana (hall in front of vimana) from where the worshippers could have a glimpse of the deity and a Nirtya-mandapa (dancing hall), but a separate Bhoga-mandapa (offering hall) was not built at this place. Dancing and offering both were probably done in the same building. In the Orissan architecture this type of temple is known as pancha-ratha-dekha deul, as each of its facades are broken by five small projections to produce an effect of light and shade on the surface and also to create an impression of one contineous verticle line, called Rekha.

As a fact the beauty of shade and light cannot be effected on a plain surface, was known to the builders, as such, the facades were broken by a number of small projections. These projections vary from three to nine, from which they derive the names as tri-ratha (three projections), Pancha-ratha (five projections), sapta-ratha (seven projections) or nava-ratha (nine projections).

\

Volume of Cement, numerical, solution, formula

Example
given
Wet volume 1 cu.m
M15
ratio 1:2:4
solution
quantity of cement
= 1.54/7     (dry volume of cement = 1.54 x wet volume of cement in mix)
= 0.22    cu.m
= 0.22 x 1440         (density of cement = 1440 kg/cu.m)
= 316.8   kg             
= 316.8/50                (weight of 1 cement bag = 50 kg)
= 6.4 bags
= 7 bags of cement

Note 1;

                                                                                                                                                             

mix                   compressive strength in 28 days                     ratio                        water/cement bag
                                             (N/sq.mm)                                                                              (Leter)       
M5                                              5                                                   1:5:10                                60
M7.5                                           7.5                                                1:4:8                                  45
M10                                            10                                                 1:3:6                                  34
M15                                            15                                                 1:2:4                                  32
M20                                            20                                                 1:1.5:3                               30
M25                                            25                                                 1:1:2                                  28
                                                                                                                                                                   

Note 2;

wet volume of concrete = 1 cu. m  considered

dry volume = 54 % increase by wet volume

Dry volume = 1.54 x wet volume

Density

Cement = 1440 kg/cu.m

Cement = 1.226 kg/cu.ft

fine aggregates = 1450-1600 kg/cu.m

course aggregate = 1450-1500 kg/cu.m



Steel Quantity  
member              % of steel            weight of steel
Slab                     0.7- 1 %     |     55 - 78 kg / cu.m.
Column               0.8- 6 %     |     62.80 - 471 kg / cu.m. 
Beam                   1- 2 %        |     78.5 - 157 kg / cu.m.
Foundation        0.5- 8 %      |     39.25 - 62.80 kg / cu.m. 

Color Code in Urban Planning

Color Code in Urban Planning as per URDPFI

Residential                                                                             Yellow

Commercial                                                                               Blue

Manufacturing                                                                        Purple

Public Semi-public                                                                     Red

Recreation                                                                               Green

Transportation                                                                         Black

Agricultural                                                                   Light Green

Industrial                                                                                 Violet

Gate Architecture 2020_Reverberation Time Calculation

The optimum reverberation time for an auditorium or room of course depends upon its intended use. Around 2 seconds is desirable for a medium-sized, general purpose auditorium that is to be used for both speech and music. A classroom should be much shorter, less than a second. And a recording studio should minimize reverberation time in most cases for clarity of recording.

The reverberation time is strongly influenced by the absorption coefficients of the surfaces as suggested in the illustration, but it also depends upon the volume of the room as shown in the Sabine formula. You won't get a long reverberation time with a small room.

• Vienna, Musikvereinsaal : 2.05 seconds
• Boston, Symphony Hall: 1.8 seconds
• New York, Carnegie Hall: 1.7 seconds

Reverberation time 

RT  = 0.049 · V / A (V and A in feet)

 
Reverberation time 

RT  = 0.161 · V / A (V and A in meter)

 


RT₆₀ = reverberation time in s (reverb time)
V = room volume in m³
A = α · S = equivalent absorption surface or area in m²
α = absorption coefficient 
The terms "attenuation coefficient" and "absorption coefficient" are used interchangeably
S = absorbing surface area in m²
A = α₁ · S₁ + α₂ · S₂ + α₃ · S₃ + ..

complete lecture series on ARCHITECTURE ACOUSTICS by IIT Kharagpur

GATE ARCHITECTURE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS 2019-1992

Hi.

Please check this out.

All previous years gate architecture papers

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004-2003

2002-1992

Gate Architecture sample papers_04

1. Choose the four digit number, in which the product of the first and fourth digits is 40 and the product of the middle digits is 28. The thousands digit is as much less than the unit digit as the hundreds digit is less than the tens digit.

2. A frogs hops and lands exactly 1 meter away at a time. What is the least number of hops required to reach a point 10 cm away?

3. A train running at 36 km/h crosses a mark on the platform in 8 sec and takes 20 sec to cross the platform. What is the length of the platform?

4. Of the following, which is the odd one out?

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6

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8. Mahatma Gandhi was known for his humility as

9. Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the following sentence.He could not understand the judges awarding her the first prize, because he thought that her performance was quite ______

10. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the pair?      Children : Pediatrician

1. First example of Double Dome in India is exhibited in

2. The oldest temple among the following is

3. With the increase of vapour pressure in the atmosphere, there will be ____________in temperature of Wet Bulb Thermometer.

4. Unit of ‘Driving Rain’ is

5. ‘GRIHA’ is developed by

6. Measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death is termed as

7. Target Year for ‘Housing for All’ under PMAY is

8. ‘AMRUT’ is a

9. Which of the following City is NOT in HRIDAY scheme.

10. First Heritage city recognised by UNESCO in India is

11. As per Bureau of Indian standards TDS (Total Dissolved solids) in drinking water must be _________

12. Wastewater that arises from domestic activities such as washing in bathrooms and kitchens, including water from food preparation and dish washing is known as:

13. Value at the end of utility period without being dismantled is known as

14. Palace of Versailles, France is an example of Architecture style of:

15. Finger Plan concept of Urban Planning has been adopted in design of

16. Heating of an organic material, such as biomass, in the absence of oxygen is called

17. Hazen’s- William’s nomogram is used to calculate

18. Maximum CRI (Colour Rendering Index) is for

19. The SI unit for luminance is

20. Unit of Thermal Conductivity (k) is

21. By ‘spatial data’ we mean data that has

22. The foundation in which a cantilever beam is provided to join two footings is known as

23. Concept of satellite town was propagated by

24. The Venice Charter (1964) led to the establishment of

25. In a flat slab, the load is transferred through

26. In a housing area of 18.7 Hectares, 1000 residential plots are to be provided. It is contemplated that 50 % of the plots will be A-type. 30 % B-type and 20 % C-type. The B-type plots will be 20 % larger in size than A- type plots and C type plots will be 30 % larger than A-type plots. 15 % of the residential area will be under roads and 25 % area will be used for open space and community facilities. Find the maximum area for ‘A’ type of plots.

27. Find out the quantity of run-off for 70 cm rainfall for an area of 100 Hectares out of which 55 % is residential area, 20 % is under roads and rest of the area is under open space with 30 % paved area. The co-efficient of run off for residential area is 0.6 for roads 0.9 for open space is 0.5 and for paved area is 0.7.

28. An urban area with a population of 2,15,000 is having housing stock of  39,000 and average household  size of 5.0. The city is expected to have a population of 2,70,000 by 2001 with an average family size of 4.5. Estimate the housing demand of the city by 2001 assuming there will be depletion  of existing housing stock by 3,500 during the period.

29. A site in a map drawn to a scale of 1: 16000 measures 75 sq cm. The actual area of the site is

30. In a rectangular room of length 4 m and width 3 m, an electric bulb is to be fixed above the working plane. If the room index is 1, the ideal mounting height of the bulb from the floor should be

31

32. For natural illumination, Daylight  is defined as the sum of

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34

35. A brick wall 19 cm thick has a thermal conductivity 0.811 W/m °C. The outside and inside surface conductance of the wall are 16 W/m² °C and 8 W/m² °C respectively, then the U-value of the wall in W/m² °C is ____________

36

37. The capacity of a hall is 600 persons and its volume is 3000 cu.m. If an optimum reverberation time of 1.0 second is to be achieved then the required total absorption (m square sabine) is:

38. The maintenance cost of a building will be Rs 2 lacs after 10 years. The annual sinking fund required for such maintenance @ rate of 6 % interest per annum will be:

39. If maximum allowable FAR is utilized, the minimum ground coverage would be

40 If it rains for 30 min, with an intensity of 10 cm/ hour, minimum volume of rain water that can be collected will be

41. Choose the right kind of statutory provision to enforce integrated urban conservation

42. The average Lux required on a pavement, having width 4 m, is 8. The mounting height of the lamp (lumen 2000) is 4 m. The spacing of the lamps (for coefficient of the utilization is 0.5 and maintenance factor is 0.8) is

43. If threshold of hearing has a sound level of zero decibels and the sound level in broadcasting studio is 1000 times the threshold of hearing, its value in decibels would be

44. The process involving the generation and management of digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of places is called as:

45. Art Nouveau was most popular between:

46. All of the following are the examples of deconstruction in Architecture, EXCEPT:

47. Which of the following is NOT a thermo-plastic resin?

48. The Book ‘Design with Nature’ is written by

49. If D is the duration, ES and EF are the earliest start and finish, LS and LF are latest start and latest finish time, then the following relation holds good:

50. Which is valid statement for a project having three paths A - B - C with 25 days length, A - D - C with 15 days length and A - E - C with 20 days length?

51. A cantilever beam of span 2 m carries a load of 2 kN at extreme overhanging edge. Maximum bending stress  is.....................   N/sq mm. Rectangular cross section of the beam is 50 mm wide and 150 mm deep uniformly throughout.

52. A singly reinforced, simply supported RCC beam is 300 mm wide & 600 mm deep. Three bars of 20 mm diameter are placed as bottom reinforcement with clear cover of 25 mm. The depth of neutral axis from top is ...............mm. Allowable compressive strength in bending is 5 N/square mm. Allowable tensile stress in steel is 140 N/square mm. Modular ratio m = 18

53. A propped cantilever beam has span of 4m. Its self weight is  1 kN/m & carries no other external load. Midspan shear force is _______ kN.

54. Maximum  tensile stress for a steel wire without any factor of safety is found to be 500N/sqmm. The maximum load carrying capacity of a 2 mm diameter steel wire, with factor of safety equal to 2 is -------------- kN.

55. A hollow circular steel column 3 m high is fixed at ground at free at top. Inner diameter is 15  cm & outer diameter is 30 cm. Maximum vertical load that can be carried is------------ kN. Take E= 200 GPa for steel.

Gate Architecture_sample papers_05

1. At what rate of simple interest a sum will become 175 % of itself in 4 years?

2. When the relationships are defined as a/b=2/3 and c/b=5/4, for a value of a=6400, the value of c will be:

3. In a certain code SAM is written as 917 and ENTHUSE is written as 2634892. In this code which of the following could be a possible code for the word ENTHUSIASM?

4. Three teams in a rowing competition are rowing three boats at speeds which are in the ratio 2:3:4 in the same direction. What will be the ratio between the times taken by these boats to cover a full channel?

5. The average of 11 observations is 60. If the average of first five observations is 58 and that of the last five is 56, then the sixth observation is:

6. Among the following statements, which is true?

7. Which among the following statements is contradictory to the above premises?

8. The organizers of a business competition in a school decide that a winner would get Rs.100 and a loser would get a consolation prize of Rs.25. The total prize money distributed to all competitors is Rs.3000. If total number of participants is 60, the number of winners would be:

9. Which of the following options is closest in meaning to ‘to lose one’s bearings’?

10. Select the word which conveys nearly the same meaning as: JAUNDICED

1. As per NBC 2016, Fire safety regulations for high rise buildings require:

2. Relationship between shear force and bending moment is:

3. Density   control   of   residential   area   is   expressed in terms of:

4. A site map drawn to scale 1:10,000 shows seven contour lines at 5 meters contour internal. The highest contour elevation is 300 meters. The average distance between the highest and lowest contour lines on the map is 2.4 cm. What is the average slope between the highest and lowest contour elevations:

5. Ferrule is provided at the junction of:

6. Guniting is:

7. Dimensions in Le Corbusiers modular human scale are in:

8. The proportions of Parthenon corresponds to:

9. A group housing plot of 400 square meter, abutting a 20 meter road is permitted to have 35% ground coverage and maximum FAR of 1.25. Assuming 70 square meter of super built-up area, calculate the maximum number of units that can be accommodated:

10. The theory of proportion used in Japanese Architecture is:

11. Usonian middle income family homes were designed by

12. In Flemish bond brick work

13. The author of “ Design with Nature” book is

14. Time required for the sounds to decay to 60 dB is called

15. The noise level for lecture rooms should be kept at

16. In classical Greek architecture, name the top step of the stepped platform upon which colonnades of temple columns are placed?

17. Scientific discipline concerned with understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system aiming at effective utility and safety is called

18. The Urban open space known for its human scale is

19. In a building the function of Air Handling Unit (AHU) is to

20. The orthographic projection that show more than one side of an object are called

21. Width of carriage way for a single lane is recommended to be

22. What is gentrification?

23. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment for green buildings in India was   conceived by

24. The tallest among all the early Medieval temple of India is

25. Victoria memorial in Kolkata (Calcutta) was designed by

26. Match the statements in Group I with corresponding statements in Group II.

27. Match the statements in group I with that of group II on colours and what they convey in Interior space.

28. Match the trees in Group I with their over all form in Group II.

29. While planning for a new settlement in a desert climate region which one of the following design criteria with climate strategy will be best suitable

30. In pre stressed concrete structures, the pre stressing of the concrete is done to compensate the stresses caused by

31. Match the architects in Group I with their works in Group II

32. The person who developed ice stupa in Leh to solve water crisis problem is

33. A group housing plot of 400 sq metre, abutting a 20m road is permitted to have 35% ground coverage and maximum FAR of 1.25. Assuming 70 sq metre of super built-up area, calculate the maximum number of units that can be accommodated:

34

35. A site map drawn to scale 1:10,000 shows seven contour lines at 5 meters contour internal. The highest contour elevation is 300 metres. The average distance between the highest and lowest contour lines on the map is 2.4 cm. What is the average slope between the highest and lowest contour elevations:

36. Two way slab has to have length(l) to breadth(b) ratio of room:

37. A town of 2,25,000 population in 1981 has exhibited a decadal growth ratio of 25% and 30% during 1991 and 2001 respectively. Estimate the population in 2011 having 40% decadal growth rate:

38. The fixed end moment of a cantilever beam with a uniformly distributed load of 10KN/m and a span of 3m is:

39

40. The lumen output required for the above lamp is

41. The depreciation factor for the above lamp is

42

43. Match the international events in Group- I with their directives in Group- II

44. One acre of agricultural land has been given on a lease till perpetuity at an annual rent of Rs 10,000 to be paid at the end of each year. Net Present Value of the land parcel in Rupees assuming a discount rate of 5% per annum is _____________________

45. A drainage basin of 180 hectares comprise 40 % wooded area, 45 % grassed area and 15 % paved area. Run off coefficients for wooded, grassland and paved areas are 0.01, 0.2 and 0.95 respectively. The composite runoff coefficient for the drainage basin is_______________

46. The number of standard cement bags required to prepare 1400 kg of concrete in the ratio 1:2:4 (mixed by weight batching) is _______________

47. Match the following

48. Match the tree forms in Group I with their common examples in Group II

49. A circular column of 300 mm  diameter is reinforced with 2% steel. The permissible compressive stress of concrete is 10 N/mm2. Modular ratio is 18. The axial load carrying capacity of the column is _______ kN.

50. The span of a cantilever single section steel beam is 10m. Cross section of steel is 10mm x 10 mm. Take Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of steel as  200 GPa. Maximum Natural deflection of this beam due to self weight is  _______mm.

51. A simply supported beam has span of 3m. Four equal load of 1 kN are placed at 0m, 1m, 2m & 3m span. The value of maximum shear is _______ kN  & maximum bending moment is _______ kNm.

52. A  3m high flag post is made up of steel pipe whose external diameter is 100 mm & shell thickness is 5 mm. The slenderness ratio of the flag post is --------------.

53. A point load of 1 kN is hanging in air supported by two separate vertical wire, one  made of steel & another of aluminium. Steel wire length is 1m, cross sectional area is 10 sqmm & E steel is 200 GPa. Aluminium  wire length is 1m, cross sectional area is 20 sqmm & E aluminium 70 GPa. Assuming same deformation of both wire, find the load carried by each wire.

54

In PERT chart, the activity time distribution is

Gate Architecture_Previous year papers_2018

Q. 1 – Q. 5 carry one mark each.


Q.1
“When she fell down the _______, she received many _______ but little help.”
The words that best fill the blanks in the above sentence are
(A) stairs, stares
(B) stairs, stairs
(C) stares, stairs
(D) stares, stares

Gate Architecture_ Previous year papers_2019

Gate 2019

Q.1	The  fishermen,               the flood victims owed their lives, were rewarded by the government.
	(A) whom	(B) to which	(C) to whom	(D) that

Q.2	Some students were not involved in the strike. If the above statement is true, which of the following conclusions is/are logically necessary? 1.      Some who were involved in the strike were students. 2.      No student was involved in the strike. 3.      At least one student was involved in the strike. 4.      Some who were not involved in the strike were students.
	(A) 1 and 2	(B) 3	(C) 4	(D) 2 and 3

Q.3	The radius as well as the height of a circular cone increases by 10%. The percentage increase in its volume is             .
	(A) 17.1	(B) 21.0	(C) 33.1	(D) 72.8

Volume of cone = πr²h/3
New radius = 11r/10
new height = 11h/10
So new V = π(11r/10)²)(11h/10)(1/3)
                = π(121r/100)(11h/10)(1/3)
                 =  π 1331rh/3000
Percentage increase = (New volume/Old volume     * 100) -100
                                  = (π/3 * 3/π *1331/1000 * rh/rh   * 100) -100
                                   = (1331/1000   * 100) -100
                                = 133.1 -100
                                  = 33.1%

Q.4	Five numbers 10, 7, 5, 4 and 2 are to be arranged in a sequence from left to right following the directions given below: 1.  No two odd or even numbers are next to each other. 2.  The second number from the left is exactly half of the left-most number. 3.  The middle number is exactly twice the right-most number. Which is the second number from the right?
	(A) 2	(B) 4	(C) 7	(D) 10

Q.5	Until Iran came along, India had never been                                  in kabaddi.
	(A) defeated	(B) defeating	(C) defeat	(D) defeatist

Q. 6 – Q. 10 carry two marks each.

Q.6	Since the last one year, after a 125 basis point reduction in repo rate by the Reserve Bank of India, banking institutions have been making a demand to reduce interest rates on small saving schemes. Finally, the government announced yesterday a reduction in interest rates on small saving schemes to bring them on par with fixed deposit interest rates. Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the given passage?
	(A) Whenever the Reserve Bank of India reduces the repo rate, the interest rates on small saving schemes are also reduced
	(B) Interest rates on small saving schemes are always maintained on par with fixed deposit interest rates
	(C) The government sometimes takes into consideration the demands of banking institutions before reducing the interest rates on small saving schemes
	(D) A reduction in interest rates on small saving schemes follow only after a reduction in repo rate by the Reserve Bank of India

Q.7	In a country of 1400 million population, 70% own mobile phones. Among the mobile phone owners, only 294 million access the Internet. Among these Internet users, only half buy goods from e-commerce portals. What is the percentage of these buyers in the country?
	(A) 10.50	(B)	14.70	(C)	15.00	(D)	50.00

Q.8	The nomenclature of Hindustani music has changed over the centuries. Since the medieval period dhrupad styles were identified as baanis. Terms like gayaki and baaj were used to refer to vocal and instrumental styles, respectively. With the institutionalization of music education the term gharana became acceptable. Gharana originally referred to hereditary musicians from a particular lineage, including disciples and grand disciples. Which one of the following pairings is NOT correct?
	(A) dhrupad, baani
	(B) gayaki, vocal
	(C)  baaj, institution (D)  gharana, lineage

Q.9	Two trains started at 7AM from the same point. The first train travelled north at a speed of 80km/h and the second train travelled south at a speed of 100 km/h. The time at which they were 540 km apart is              AM.
	(A) 9	(B) 10	(C) 11	(D) 11.30

Q.10	“I read somewhere that in ancient times the prestige of a kingdom depended upon the number of taxes that it was able to levy on its people. It was very much like the prestige of a head-hunter in his own community.” Based on the paragraph above, the prestige of a head-hunter depended upon
	(A) the prestige of the kingdom
	(B) the prestige of the heads
	(C) the number of taxes he could levy
	(D) the number of heads he could gather