Structure
and Construction Materials
A) Quantity of Steel (In K.G. /m3)
Percentage %
|
Quantity K.G. /m3
|
|
Slab
|
0.7-1
|
55
- 78
|
Column
|
0.8-6
|
62.80
- 471
|
Beam
|
1-2
|
78.5
- 157
|
Foundation
|
0.5-0.8
|
39.25
– 62.80
|
B) Density
Cement –
1440 K.G. /m3
Fine Aggregate –
1450-1600 K.G. /m3
Course Aggregate – 1450- 1500 K.G. /m3
C) Water Quantity
Grade
|
Ratio
|
Water in litre/cement bag
|
M5
|
1:5:10
|
60
|
M7.5
|
1:4:8
|
45
|
M10
|
1:3:6
|
34
|
M15
|
1:2:4
|
32
|
M20
|
1:1.5:3
|
30
|
M25
|
1:1:2
|
28
|
D) Dry volume of cement = 1.54 x
wet volume
E) Soil Bearing Capacity = (
Total load x Safety factor ) / Area of footing
F) Flexture Strength or splitting tensile strength = 0.7 x √Fck
G) Modulus of Elasticity = 5000
x √Fck
H) L/B ratio
One way slab l/b >
2
Two way slab l/b
< 2
I) Strength of Fresh Concrete
Day 1
|
Day 2
|
Day 3
|
Day 4
|
Day 5
|
16%
|
40%
|
65%
|
90%
|
99%
|
J) Strength of Concrete
M 15
|
M 20
|
M 25
|
M 30
|
M 35
|
M 40
|
M 45
|
|
Day 7
|
10
|
13.5
|
17
|
20
|
23.5
|
27
|
30
|
Day 28
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
45
|
K) Slenderness Ratio
S = Le / K
Le
– effective length
K
or R – radius of gyration
Both column
ends are hinged
|
Le = original
length
|
S = L/R
|
Both column
ends are fixed
|
Le = original
length/2
|
S = L/2R
|
Both column
ends are hinged
|
Le = 2 x
original length
|
S = 2L/R
|
Both column
ends are hinged
|
Le = original
length/√2
|
S = Le/R√2
|
L) Radius of Gyration = √I / √A
I
– moment of inertia
A
– area
M) Moment of inertia (I)
I = bd3 / 12 for square or rectangle column
I = πD4 / 64 for round column
N) Factored Axial Load (Pu)
Pu = 0.4 x Fck x Ac ) +
( 0.67 x Fy x Asc )
Fck compressive strength of concrete
Ac area of concrete
Fy compressive strength of steel Asc area of steel
O) Max strain in the tension
reinforcement section @limit state of collapse
= 0.002 + {yield stress / (1.15 x young modulus of
elasticity)}
P) Radius of curvature (ρ)
1/ ρ = M/EI
M – moment
E
– elastic modulus
I – moment of inertia
A
B
A
B
Q)
R)
Sound,
Reverberation Time
A) Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / S
V volume of room or hall
S
absorption coefficient
B) Sound Intensity Level, L = 10 log ( I
/ I0 )
I final intensity
I0
initial intensity
C) Intensity of Sound, I = P / 4πR2
P acoustical pressure level
R
radian distance
D) Sound Pressure Level = 10 log I0 / 10-12 w/m2
Scale of
Aerial Photography
-
A. The scale of vertical photograph of a flat terrain depends upon :Scale = focal length of camera f / height of aircraft hB. If distance between two points on the ground and distance between two points (same points) measured on the photo:Scale = photograph distance / ground distanceC. If we have a map of the area, the ground distance can be calculated with:Scale = ( photo distance / map distance ) x map scale
- Height of hill = no. of contour lines x contour intervals
- Slope of hill = height / base
PERT
·
Estimate = Optimistic time + (4 x most likely time) + Pessimistic time / 6
·
Variation = {(pessimistic time – Optimistic time) / 6 }2
HEAT
- Conductive heat flow through wall =
- Conductance or (U-value) = 1/ Thermal resistance or (R-value)
- Thermal resistance = thickness / thermal conductivity
- Power factor = true power / apparent power
Power = energy / time = work done / time
Rate of natural ventilation = coefficient of effectiveness x volume of air
Stack Pressure = 0.042 x stack height x temperature difference
- Heat flow rate = area of room / (air changes x temperature difference)
LIFT
A. Handling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled
H = (300 x Q x 100) / T x P
Q average no. of passengers carried in car
T waiting time
P total population during peak hours
B. Waiting Interval
T = RTT / N
RTT round trip time
N no of lifts
COST
A. Capitalized value =
Annual net income / interest rate
B. Annual depreciation cost =
( cost of asset – salvage value ) / estimated useful life
C. Net percentage value of any property =
(annual cost x 100 ) / interest rate
D. Sinking fund R = (A x i) / (1+i)n-1
A amount
i- interest
n no of years or period
E. Dependency ratio =
(Population aged 0-14 yr. + Population aged 64+ yr.) /
Population
aged 15-64 yr. x 100
F. Price elasticity of demand =
F. Price elasticity of demand =
% change in quantity demand /
% change in price
Transport
A) R = V2 / 127 (e +
f)
R
horizontal radius
V
speed or design speed
e
super elevation
f
transverse coefficient of lateral friction
B) Capacity of traffic lane =
average speed / vehicle spacing
Water
A) Q = C x i x A
Q quantity of runoff
C
runoff coefficient
i
intensity of rainfall
B) Quantity of liquid passing
through Q = V x A
V velocity
A area
C) Volumetric water flow rate
passing through stretched channel
Q = V x A
A area of flow perpendicular to
flow direction
V = (1.0/n) x (R2/3) x (S1/2)
n manning roughness coefficient
S bottom slope of channel
P watered perimeter of cross
section flow area
R hydraulic radius
R = A/P
D) Amount of rainfall without
loss
= catchment area x rainfall x
percentage loss
E) Time consumption for filling
tank
= amount of tank / amount of
rainfall without loss
Light
A) Illuminance (Lux) produced
from light source on surface
E = (I
/ r2 )cosθ
I
illumination intensity
r
distance from surface
θ angle
between surface and workplane
B) Required average illuminance
E = (N x F x mf. x uf.)/A
N number
of lamp
F lumen
per lamp
uf. utilization
factor
mf. maintenance
factor
C) Light Power Density
LPD = illumination level / efficiency of lamp
D) Deprecation factor
= 1/ maintenance factor
or
= illumination under ideally
clean condition / illumination under normal working condition
E) Day Light Factor = sky
component + externally reflected
component + internally reflected component
or
= (indoor illuminance at a point
x 100% ) / outdoor illuminance from unobstructed sky
F) Glazing material property
Reflection coefficient R
+ Transmissivity coefficient T
+ Absorptivity coefficient A
= 1
|
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