Important Short Notes

Road Width

• Single lane road            - 3.75 m
• Double lane road           - 7 m
• Double lane with curb    - 7.5 m
• Multi lane road              - 3.5 m/lane
• Intermediate lane road  - 5.5 m
• Shoulder width              - 2.5 m
• Footpath width (min.)    - 1.8 m

                                                                                                                                      

Traffic intersections

Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads. This area is designated for the vehicles to turn to different directions to reach their desired destinations. Its main function is to guide vehicles to their respective directions.

Channelization of traffic through a                                                 four-legged intersection

Channelization of traffic through a                                                   three-legged intersection

Cloverleaf interchange

Diamond interchange

Trumpet interchange

                                                                                                              

Transit

the movement of goods or people from one place to another

• Non Motor Transit-  Active transit, walking, bicycling, small wheeled transport
• Para Transit -  Fixed route bus, minibus
• Private Transit -  Owned, not available for general public
• Public Transit -  Shared passengers, taxi, cab, carpooling, city-bus, light-rail
• Mass Transit -  Public transport, metro, rail, bus

                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                                   

Minimum visibility distance along major roads

Design speed of Major roads (km/h)                         Minimum visibility distance along major roads (meters)

• 100                                                                                                 220
• 80                                                                                                   180
• 65                                                                                                   145
• 50                                                                                                   110

                                                                                                                                                                   

Opening area and floor area ratio

Climate                                     Opening area and floor area ratio
Warm and Humid                           1:6
Temperate                                     1:8
Hot and Dry                                   1:10
Cold                                              1:12

                                                                                                                                                                   

		Concept	Population	Area
1	Plato	Plato’s city	5040	-
2	Ebenezer Howard	Garden city	32000	6000 acre
3	F L Wright	Broadacre city	-	1-5 acre per household
4	Le Corbusier	Radiant city	-	-
5	Paolo Soleri	Arcosanti	5000	25 acre
6	Clearence Perry	Neighbourhood	5000-6000	160 acre
7	Aristotle	-	500-1000	60 kmsq.

                                                                                                                                                                   

Color code According to the Occupational Safety Hazards Act (OSHA)

Red / White fire prevention and protection equipment
Black / White

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Gate Architecture Books

Architecture & Design

• Books by D K Ching

Architecture: Form, Space, and Order
A Global History of Architecture
A Visual Dictionary of Architecture book for History
Introduction to Architecture
Building Construction Illustrated
Design Drawing
Interior Design Illustrated
Green Building Illustrated

• GK Hiraskar- History of Architecture
• History of Architecture: Vedula Murthy
• Otto Konnisberger - tropical climate and house design

Building Materials, Construction & Management

• Construction: Barry
• B.C.Punmia - Building construction
• Estimation and Costing: Rangwala
• CSIR- CBRI TIPS FOR GOOD CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES IN BUILDINGS

Building & Structures

• R.S. Khurmi - Theory of structures & Strength of materials
• Principles of STRUCTURAL DESIGN Wood, Steel, and Concrete RAM S. GUPTA
• Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and Examples T.J.MACGINLEY

Environmental Planning & Design

• Sustainable Buildings: Griha Manual
• A Handbook on Landscape CPWD
• National Rating System for Green Buildings
• COMMON TREES Dr. H. Santapau
• COMMON TREES OF INDIA PIPPA MUKHERJEE
• FLOWERING TREES & SHRUBS IN INDIA by D.V. Cowen
• Architecture in a Climate of Change A guide to sustainable design Peter F. Smith
• Basics of Environmental Science Michael Allaby

Urban Design

• Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design
• Urban Studies and sprawl (concepts, elements & issues)

Urban Planning & Housing

• Theory and concept of Urban Planning: G.K.Hiraskar
• Town Planning: Rangwala

Planning Techniques & Management

• Project Management: BC Punamia
• Construction Management JumpStart
• Fundamental of Survey S K Roy
• Handbook of REGIONAL AND URBAN ECONOMICS
• Urban economic theory Land use and city size MASAHISA FUJITA
• PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION Garold D. Oberlender

Services, Infrastructure & Transportation

• Water Supply & Sanitary Engg.: Rangwala
• BUILDING SERVICES HANDBOOK Fred Hall and Roger Greeno
• PLUMBING,ELECTRICITY,ACOUSTICS Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture Norbert Lechner
• Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering Edited by CA O'Flaherty

                                                                                                                                                             

• URDPFI Guidelines Vol I & II
• DESIGN MANUAL FOR A BARRIER- FREE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
• GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS for HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC)
• National Building Code Vol I & II

                                                                                                                                                             

Books / Theory                                        Architect

The Poetics of Space                                                               Gaston Bachelard
Bernini                                                                                     Howard Hibbard
Palladio                                                                                    James Ackerman, Phyllis Massar
The Death and Life of Great American Cities                        Jane Jacobs
Sightlines A Stadium Odyssey                                               Simon Inglis
How To Read A Church                                                          Richard Taylor

The Architecture of Happiness                                               Alain de Botton

The Art of Travel                                                                    Alain de Botton
The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work                                       Alain de Botton

Brunelleschi's Dome The Story of the Great Cathedral in Florence                Ross King

God's Architect Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain           Rosemary Hill

The Lamp of Memory                                                                      John Ruskin
The Edifice Complex                                                                        Deyan Sudjic
The Design Museum in a Box 100 Carefully Curated Postcards     Deyan Sudjic

Eat, Drink, Nap Bringing the House Home                                      Soho House
Happy City Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design          Charles Montgomery
My Life in Houses                                                                             Margaret Forster
The Age of Spectacle The Rise and Fall of Iconic Architecture       Tom Dyckhoff
Ornament and Crime                                                                          Adolf Loos

A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction                      Christopher Alexander, Sara                                                                                                                      Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein

The Architecture of the City                                                            Aldo Rossi
Athmospheres                                                                                Peter Zumthor

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture / Robert Venturi
Conversations with Students (Architecture at Rice) / Louis Kahn
Experiencing Architecture / Eiler Rasmussen
The Eyes of the Skin / Juhani Pallasmaa
The Image of the City / Kevin Lynch
In Praise of Shadows / Junichiro Tanizaki
Learning from Las Vegas / Denise Scott Brown, Robert Venturi, Steven Izenour
Mutations / Rem Koolhaas, Stefano Boeri, Sanford Kwinter, Nadia Tazi, Hans Ulrich Obrist
Neufert Architects' Data / Ernst Neufert, Peter Neufert
The Seven Lamps of Architecture / John Ruskin
Superstudio: Life without objects / Peter Lang
Ten Canonical Buildings: 1950-2000/ Peter Eisenman
Theory and Design in the First Machine Age / Reyner Banham
Universal Principles of Design / William Lidwell, Kritina Holden, Jill Butler
The Works: Anatomy of the City / Kate Ascher
Yona Friedman: The Dilution Of Architecture / Yona Friedman
Architecture: Form, Space and Order / Francis D. K. Ching
Architectural Acoustics / David Egan
Detail in Contemporary Architecture Series / Virginia McLeod
Elemental: Incremental Housing and Participatory Design Manual / Alejandro Aravena
Thermal Delight in Architecture / Lisa Heschong
Archigram / Peter Cook
Cities for People / Jan Gehl
Design Like You Give a Damn / Architecture for Humanity
Freeing Architecture / Junya Ishigami
The Future Of Architecture / Frank Lloyd Wright
SMLXL / Rem Koolhaas
Thinking Architecture / Peter Zumthor
Uneasy Balance / Christopher Platt, Brian Carter
Yes is More / Bjarke Ingels
Invisible Cities / Italo Calvino
The Pillars of the Earth / Ken Follet
A World History of Architecture / Michael Fazio, Marian Moffett, Lawrence Wodehouse
Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning / Ernst J. Grube, James Dickie, Oleg Grabar, Eleanor Sims, Ronald Lewcock, Dalu Jones, Gut T. Petherbridge,, George Michell
Clip, Stamp, Fold: The Radical Architecture of Little Magazines 196X to 197X / Beatriz Colomina
Modern Architecture: A Critical History (Fourth Edition) / Kenneth Frampton
Project Japan: Metabolism Talks / Rem Koolhaas, Hans Ulrich Obrist
Reyner Banham and the Paradoxes of High Tech / Todd Gannon
The Prisons / Le Carceri / Giovanni Battista Piranesi
Architecture As Space / Bruno Zevi
Architecture Depends / Jeremy Till
The Architecture of Image: Existential Space in Cinema / Juhani Pallasmaa
Are We Human? Notes On Archeology Of Design / Beatriz Colomina
The Art-Architecture Complex / Hal Foster
BLDGBLOG Book / Geoff Manaugh
Cities of Hope: Australian Architecture and Design by Edmond and Corrigan / Conrad Hamann
The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change / David Harvey
Constructing a New Agenda: Architectural Theory 1993-2009 / A. Krista Sykes
Content / Rem Koolhaas
Delirious New York: A retroactive manifesto for Manhattan / Rem Koolhaas
The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War / Robert Bevan
Domesticity at War / Beatriz Colomina
Future Practice: Conversations from the Edge of Architecture / Rory Hyde
The Good Life: A Guided Visit to the Houses of Modernity / Iñaki Ábalos
The Language of Architecture / Andrea Simitch and Val Warke
The Manual of Section / Paul Lewis, Marc Tsurumaki, and David J. Lewis
Oppositions Reader: Selected Essays 1973-1984 / Michael Hays
The Structure of the Ordinary: Form and Control in the Built Environment / N.J. Habraken
Toward an Other Globalization: From the Single Thought to Universal Conscience / Milton Santos
Why Architecture Matters / Paul Goldberger
Building Brasilia / Marcel Gautherot and Kenneth Frampton
Cities for a Small Planet / Richard Rogers
The City of Tomorrow: Sensors, Networks, Hackers, and the Future of Urban Life / Carlo Ratti, Matthew Claudel
Cities Without Ground / Adam Frampton, Jonathan D. Solomon, Clara Wong
Collage City / Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter
Concise Townscape / Golden Cullen
The Death and Life of Great American Cities / Jane Jacobs
The Granite Garden: Urban Nature And Human Design / Anne W. Spirn
The History of the City / Leonardo Benevolo
Ladders / Albert Pope
Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space / Jan Gehl
The New Science of Cities / Michael Batty
Triumph of the City / Edward Glaeser
The Urban Apparatus: Mediapolitics and the City / Reinhold Martin
Walkscapes: walking as an aesthetic practice / Francesco Careri
The 4-Hour Workweek / Tim Ferriss
The Barefoot Architect / Johan van Lengen
Constructing Architecture / Andrea Deplazes
Liquid Modernity / Zygmunt Bauman
Non Places / Marc Auge

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Numerical_Formula_Gate Architecture

Structure and Construction Materials

A) Quantity of Steel (In K.G. /m³⁾

	Percentage %	Quantity K.G. /m3
Slab	0.7-1	55 - 78
Column	0.8-6	62.80 - 471
Beam	1-2	78.5 - 157
Foundation	0.5-0.8	39.25 – 62.80

B) Density

            Cement                            – 1440 K.G. /m³

            Fine Aggregate                – 1450-1600 K.G. /m³

Course Aggregate            – 1450- 1500 K.G. /m³

                                                                                                                                   

C) Water Quantity

           

Grade	Ratio	Water in litre/cement bag
M5	1:5:10	60
M7.5	1:4:8	45
M10	1:3:6	34
M15	1:2:4	32
M20	1:1.5:3	30
M25	1:1:2	28

D) Dry volume of cement = 1.54 x wet volume

E) Soil Bearing Capacity = ( Total load x Safety factor ) / Area of footing

F) Flexture Strength or splitting tensile strength = 0.7 x √F_ck

G) Modulus of Elasticity = 5000 x √F_ck

H) L/B ratio

            One way slab  l/b > 2

            Two way slab  l/b < 2

I) Strength of Fresh Concrete

           

Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5
16%	40%	65%	90%	99%

J) Strength of Concrete

           

	M 15	M 20	M 25	M 30	M 35	M 40	M 45
Day 7	10	13.5	17	20	23.5	27	30
Day 28	15	20	25	30	35	40	45

K) Slenderness Ratio

            S = Le / K

                                                                                                Le – effective length

                                                                                                K or R   – radius of gyration

           

Both column ends are hinged	Le = original length	S = L/R
Both column ends are fixed	Le = original length/2	S = L/2R
Both column ends are hinged	Le = 2 x original length	S = 2L/R
Both column ends are hinged	Le = original length/√2	S = Le/R√2

L) Radius of Gyration = √I / √A

                                                                                    I – moment of inertia

                                                                                    A – area

                       

M) Moment of inertia (I)

I = bd³ / 12   for square or rectangle column

                        I = πD⁴ / 64   for round column

N) Factored Axial Load (P_u)

            P_u = 0.4 x F_ck x A_c ) + ( 0.67 x F_y x A_sc )

                                                                               F_ck  compressive strength of concrete

                                                                                               A_c area of concrete

                                                                                               F_y compressive strength of steel                                                                                                                                           A_sc area of steel

O) Max strain in the tension reinforcement section @limit state of collapse

            = 0.002 + {yield stress / (1.15 x young modulus of elasticity)}

P) Radius of curvature (ρ)   

            1/ ρ = M/EI

                                                M – moment

                                                E – elastic modulus

                                                I – moment of inertia

A

B

Q)

R)

                                                                                                                                                            

Sound, Reverberation Time

A) Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / S

                                    V volume of room or hall

                                    S absorption coefficient

B) Sound Intensity Level, L = 10 log ( I / I₀ )

                                    I final intensity

                                    I₀ initial intensity

C) Intensity of Sound, I = P / 4πR²        

                                    P acoustical pressure level

                                    R radian distance

D) Sound Pressure Level = 10 log I₀ / 10^-12  w/m²





                                                                                                                                                                                      

Scale of Aerial Photography

• 
  
  A.   The scale of vertical photograph of a flat terrain depends upon :
  
  
  Scale = focal length of camera f / height of aircraft h
  
  
  
  
  B.    If distance between two points on the ground and distance between two points (same points) measured on the photo:
  
  
  Scale = photograph distance / ground distance
  
  
  
  
  C.  If we have a map of the area, the ground distance can be calculated with:
  
  
  Scale = ( photo distance / map distance ) x map scale   

          

•   Height of hill = no. of contour lines x contour intervals

•    Slope of hill = height / base

                                                                                                                                                          

PERT

·        Estimate = Optimistic time + (4 x most likely time) + Pessimistic time / 6

·        Variation = {(pessimistic time – Optimistic time) / 6 }²

                                                                                                                                                           

HEAT

• Conductive heat flow through wall =

U-value of wall x area of wall x temperature difference

•  Conductance or (U-value) = 1/ Thermal resistance or (R-value)

 

•  Thermal resistance = thickness / thermal conductivity

• Power factor = true power / apparent power

• 
  

   Power = energy / time = work done / time

• 
  

   Rate of natural ventilation = coefficient of effectiveness x volume of air

• 
  

   Stack Pressure = 0.042 x stack height  x temperature  difference

•  Heat flow rate = area of room / (air changes x temperature difference)

                                                                                                                                          

LIFT

A. Handling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled 

                        H = (300 x Q x 100) / T x P

                                                      Q average no. of passengers carried in car

                                                      T waiting time

                                                      P total population during peak hours

B. Waiting Interval

                        T = RTT / N

                                                      RTT round trip time

                                                      N no of lifts

                                                                                                                                                            

COST

      A.    Capitalized value =  Annual net income / interest rate

 
B.    Annual depreciation cost =  
           ( cost of asset – salvage value ) / estimated useful life
 
C.  Net percentage value of any property =
           (annual cost x 100 ) / interest rate
 
D.   Sinking fund R = (A x i) / (1+i)ⁿ-1
                                                            A amount
                                                            i- interest
                                                            n no of years or period   
 
E.    Dependency ratio =
          (Population aged 0-14 yr. + Population aged 64⁺ yr.) / 

                   Population aged 15-64 yr.  x 100
 
F.    Price elasticity of demand = 

                % change in quantity demand / % change in price

                                                                                                                    

Transport

A) R = V² / 127 (e + f)

                                                R horizontal radius

                                                V speed or design speed

                                                e super elevation

                                                f transverse coefficient of lateral friction

B) Capacity of traffic lane = average speed / vehicle spacing

                                                                                                                    

Water

A) Q = C x i x A

                                                Q quantity of runoff

                                        C runoff coefficient

                                        i  intensity of rainfall

B) Quantity of liquid passing through Q = V x A

                                    V velocity

                                    A area

C) Volumetric water flow rate passing through stretched channel

            Q = V x A

                                    A area of flow perpendicular to flow direction

                                    V = (1.0/n) x (R^2/3) x (S^1/2)

                                    n manning roughness coefficient

                                    S bottom slope of channel

                                    P watered perimeter of cross section flow area

                                    R hydraulic radius

                                    R = A/P

D) Amount of rainfall without loss

                                    = catchment area x rainfall x percentage loss

E) Time consumption for filling tank

                                    = amount of tank / amount of rainfall without loss

                                                                                                                    

Light

A) Illuminance (Lux) produced from light source on surface

                        E = (I / r² )cosθ

                                                           I illumination intensity

                                                           r distance from surface

                                                           θ angle between surface and workplane

B) Required average illuminance

                        E = (N x F x mf. x uf.)/A

                                                            N number of lamp

                                                            F lumen per lamp

                                                            uf. utilization factor

                                                            mf. maintenance factor

C) Light Power Density

                        LPD = illumination level / efficiency of lamp

D) Deprecation factor

                                    = 1/ maintenance factor

                                                            or

                                    = illumination under ideally clean condition /                                                       illumination under normal working condition

E) Day Light Factor = sky component + externally reflected component +                                                    internally reflected component

                                                                        or

                                    = (indoor illuminance at a point x 100% ) / outdoor                                                           illuminance from unobstructed sky

F) Glazing material property

                                    Reflection coefficient       R

                        +          Transmissivity coefficient  T

                        +          Absorptivity coefficient    A            

= 1